AMENDED1 OPINION AND ORDER

(1) GRANTING DEFENDANT RUTH JOHNSON'S MOTION TO DISMISS (ECF NO. 4);

(2) GRANTING INTERVENOR-DEFENDANT REPUBLICAN PARTY OF MICHIGAN'S MOTION TO DISMISS (ECF NO. 21); AND

(3) DENYING PLAINTIFFS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (ECF NO. 6)

PAUL D. BORMAN, District Judge.

This matter is before the Court on Defendant Ruth Johnson's Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 4); Intervenor-Defendant Republican Party of Michigan's Motion to Dismiss (ECF No. 21); and Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment (ECF No. 6).

A hearing was held on Thursday, September 6, 2012, at which Plaintiffs, Defendant Ruth Johnson and Intervenor-Defendant Republican Party of Michigan appeared and were heard. For the reasons that follow, the Court (1) GRANTS Defendant Ruth Johnson's Motion to Dismiss, (2) GRANTS Intervenor-Defendant's Motion to Dismiss, (3) DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment and (4) DISMISSES Plaintiffs' Complaint with prejudice.2

INTRODUCTION

Plaintiff Gary E. Johnson ("Gary Johnson") ran for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in Michigan's February, 2012 presidential primary and lost. Gary Johnson now seeks to have his name placed on the ballot in Michigan as a candidate for President of the United States in the November 6, 2012 general election as the Libertarian Party nominee. Michigan statute MCL 168.695, known as the "sore loser statute," provides that an individual who has placed his or her name on the primary ballot as a candidate for nomination of one political party is not eligible to run as a candidate for any other political party at the general election immediately following that primary. Pursuant to the sore loser statute, the Defendant Secretary of State has excluded Gary Johnson's name from the ballot for the upcoming November 6, 2012 general election as the Libertarian Party candidate for President of the United States. Plaintiffs Gary Johnson, the Libertarian Party of Michigan ("LPM") and Denee Rockman-Moon ("Rockman-Moon"), the Chairperson of the LPM, filed this action claiming that application of the statute to Gary Johnson violates their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights under the United States Constitution. Plaintiffs seek injunctive and declaratory relief invalidating Michigan's sore loser statute, both facially and as applied to Gary Johnson, that would require the placement of Gary Johnson's name as the Libertarian Party Candidate for President of the United States on the ballot in the upcoming November, 2012 general election.

I. BACKGROUND

The facts in this matter are undisputed. Plaintiff Gary Johnson resides in Santa Fe, New Mexico and served as governor of New Mexico from 1995-2003. (ECF No. 6, Pls.' Mot. Summ. Judg. Ex. B, July 27, 2012 Affidavit of Gary Johnson ¶ 1.) Throughout much of 2011, Gary Johnson sought the Republican Party nomination for President of the United States. (Id. ¶ 3.)

In November, 2011, Gary Johnson's then-Republican campaign contacted the Michigan Secretary of State on several occasions to ensure that Gary Johnson would be recognized as a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination. In a November 8, 2011 Letter from Gary Johnson's campaign scheduler, Grant K. Huihui, to Secretary of State Ruth Johnson, Mr. Huihui stated that: "Governor Gary E. Johnson is fully committed to running a national campaign seeking the Republican nomination for the office of President of the United States of America. Governor Johnson has traveled through more than 35 states in his ongoing efforts to spread his message, while seeking the Republican nomination. Governor Gary E. Johnson respectfully requests to be placed on Michigan's primary election ballot." (ECF No. 6-8, p. 9, Pls.' Mot. Summ. Judg. Ex. F, November 8, 2011 Letter to Ruth Johnson.)

On November 21, 2011, Defendant Secretary of State Ruth Johnson, pursuant to MCL § 168.614a(3), sent Gary Johnson a letter informing him that his name would be included on Michigan's Presidential Primary ballot as a candidate for the Republican party unless he filed an affidavit, no later than 4:00 p.m. (E.S.T.) on Friday, December 9, 2011, specifically stating that he was not a presidential candidate of the Republican party. (ECF No. 6-8, p. 11, Pls.' Mot. Summ. Judg. Ex. F, November 21, 2011 Letter to Gary Johnson.)

Gary Johnson subsequently attempted to withdraw from the Michigan presidential primary but his request, received by email at 4:03 p.m. on December 9, 2011, after the 4:00 p.m. statutory deadline set forth in MCL § 168.615a(1) had passed, was ineffective. (ECF No. 6-8, p. 1-2, Pls.' Mot. Summ. Judg. Ex. G, May 3, 2012 Letter to William W. Hall.) Because Gary Johnson did not timely submit an affidavit seeking to have his name removed from the ballot in compliance with the deadlines set forth in MCL § 168.615a(1), his name appeared on the ballot as a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in Michigan's February, 2012 primary election. Gary Johnson never challenged, or took any legal action to reverse the Secretary of State's decision refusing his untimely request to remove his name from the Michigan primary ballot as a Republican party presidential candidate. Gary Johnson did not win the Republican party nomination.

At its Las Vegas convention held on May 3-6, 2012, the national Libertarian Party, a qualified political party under Michigan law, MCL § 168.560a, but not a major party, MCL § 168.16, nominated Gary Johnson as its candidate for President. (ECF No. 6-3, Gary Johnson Aff. ¶ 9.) Gary Johnson's nomination was subsequently ratified by the Defendant LPM and forwarded to the Michigan Secretary State for certification and inclusion of Gary Johnson's name on the November 6, 2012 general election ballot as the Libertarian Party candidate for president. Id. ¶ 10.

The Michigan Secretary of State disqualified Gary Johnson from appearing on the November 6, 2012 general election ballot as a presidential candidate for the Libertarian Party based upon the Michigan "sore loser" law, which prohibits a candidate who appears on the primary ballot for one political party from appearing as a candidate for any other political party at the election following that primary:

Ineligibility of candidate at subsequent election.

MCL § 168.695.

Plaintiffs claim that the Defendant Secretary of State wrongfully refused to place Gary Johnson's name on the Michigan ballot for the November 6, 2012 general election as the Libertarian Party candidate for president because, inter alia, Michigan's sore loser statute does not apply to presidential candidates. Plaintiffs do not dispute that facially, by its clear and unambiguous terms, the statute can be read to apply to a presidential candidate such as Gary Johnson. Plaintiffs argue, however, that the statute should not be applied to presidential candidates because the "real candidates" in a presidential election are the candidates for presidential elector, not the presidential candidate. Plaintiffs also argue that application of the sore loser statute to Johnson's Libertarian Party candidacy for President of the United States violates their First and Fourteenth Amendment rights.

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)-Motion to Dismiss

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) provides for the dismissal of a case where the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted. When reviewing a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), a court must "construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, accept its allegations as true, and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the plaintiff." Directv, Inc. v. Treesh, 487 F.3d 471, 476 (6th Cir.2007). But the court "need not accept as true legal conclusions or unwarranted factual inferences." Id. (quoting Gregory v. Shelby County, 220 F.3d 433, 446 (6th Cir.2000)). "[L]egal conclusions masquerading as factual allegations will not suffice." Eidson v. State of Tenn. Dep't of Children's Servs., 510 F.3d 631, 634 (6th Cir.2007).

In Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007), the Supreme Court explained that "a plaintiff's obligation to provide the `grounds' of his `entitle[ment] to relief' requires more than labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not do. Factual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level...." Id. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (internal citations omitted). Dismissal is appropriate if the plaintiff has failed to offer sufficient factual allegations that make the asserted claim plausible on its face. Id. at 570, 127 S.Ct. 1955. The Supreme Court clarified the concept of "plausibility" in Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009):

Id. at 1948-50. A plaintiff's factual allegations, while "assumed to be true, must do more than create speculation or suspicion of a legally cognizable cause of action; they must show entitlement to relief." LULAC v. Bredesen, 500 F.3d 523, 527 (6th Cir.2007) (emphasis in original) (citing Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1965). Thus, "[t]o state a valid claim, a complaint must contain either direct or inferential allegations respecting all the material elements to sustain recovery under some viable legal theory." Bredesen, 500 F.3d at 527 (citing Twombly, 127 S.Ct. at 1969).

In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the Court may consider the complaint as well as (1) documents that are referenced in the plaintiff's complaint or that are central to plaintiff's claims (2) matters of which a court may take judicial notice (3) documents that are a matter of public record and (4) letters that constitute decisions of a government agency. Tellabs, Inc. v. Makor Issues & Rights, Ltd., 551 U.S. 308, 127 S.Ct. 2499, 2509, 168 L.Ed.2d 179 (2007). See also Greenberg v. Life Ins. Co. of Virginia, 177 F.3d 507, 514 (6th Cir. 1999) (finding that documents attached to a motion to dismiss that are referred to in the complaint and central to the claim are deemed to form a part of the pleadings). Where the claims rely on the existence of a written agreement, and plaintiff fails to attach the written instrument, "the defendant may introduce the pertinent exhibit," which is then considered part of the pleadings. QQC, Inc. v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 258 F.Supp.2d 718, 721 (E.D.Mich.2003). "Otherwise, a plaintiff with a legally deficient claims could survive a motion to dismiss simply by failing to attach a dispositive document." Weiner v. Klais & Co., Inc., 108 F.3d 86, 89 (6th Cir.1997).

B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56-Motion for Summary Judgment

Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, a party against whom a claim, counterclaim, or cross-claim is asserted may "at any time, move with or without supporting affidavits, for a summary judgment in the party's favor as to all or any part thereof." Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(b). Summary judgment is appropriate where the moving party demonstrates that there is no genuine issue of material fact as to the existence of an essential element of the nonmoving party's case on which the nonmoving party would bear the burden of proof at trial. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). "Of course, [the moving party] always bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of `the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,' which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact." Id. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548; See also Gutierrez v. Lynch, 826 F.2d 1534, 1536 (6th Cir.1987).

A fact is "material" for purposes of a motion for summary judgment where proof of that fact "would have [the] effect of establishing or refuting one of the essential elements of a cause of action or defense asserted by the parties." Kendall v. Hoover Co., 751 F.2d 171, 174 (6th Cir. 1984) (quoting Black's Law Dictionary 881 (6th ed. 1979)) (citations omitted). A dispute over a material fact is genuine "if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party." Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 247-48, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). Conversely, where a reasonable jury could not find for the nonmoving party, there is no genuine issue of material fact for trial. Feliciano v. City of Cleveland, 988 F.2d 649, 654 (6th Cir. 1993). In making this evaluation, the court must examine the evidence and draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the non-moving party. Bender v. Southland Corp., 749 F.2d 1205, 1210-11 (6th Cir. 1984). "`The central issue is whether the evidence presents a sufficient disagreement to require submission to a jury or whether it is so one-sided that one party must prevail as a matter of law.'" Binay v. Bettendorf, 601 F.3d 640, 646 (6th Cir. 2010) (quoting In re Calumet Farm, Inc., 398 F.3d 555, 558 (6th Cir.2005)).

If this burden is met by the moving party, the non-moving party's failure to make a showing that is "sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party's case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial," will mandate the entry of summary judgment. Celotex, 477 U.S. at 322-23, 106 S.Ct. 2548. The non-moving party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of his pleadings, but the response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in Rule 56, must set forth specific facts which demonstrate that there is a genuine issue for trial. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The rule requires the non-moving party to introduce "evidence of evidentiary quality" demonstrating the existence of a material fact. Bailey v. Floyd County Bd. of Educ., 106 F.3d 135, 145 (6th Cir.1997); see Anderson, 477 U.S. at 252, 106 S.Ct. 2505 (holding that the non-moving party must produce more than a scintilla of evidence to survive summary judgment).

III. ANALYSIS

A. The Impact of the Michigan Sore Loser Statute on Associational Rights and the Necessary Level of Judicial Scrutiny

"The impact of candidate eligibility requirements on voters implicates basic constitutional rights.... [I]t `is beyond debate that freedom to engage in association for the advancement of beliefs and ideas is an inseparable aspect of the `liberty' assured by the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which embraces freedom of speech.'" Anderson v. Celebrezze, 460 U.S. 780, 786-87, 103 S.Ct. 1564, 75 L.Ed.2d 547 (1983) (quoting NAACP v. Alabama, 357 U.S. 449, 460, 78 S.Ct. 1163, 2 L.Ed.2d 1488 (1958)).3 It is likewise beyond debate, however, "that States may, and inevitably must, enact reasonable regulations of parties, elections, and ballots to reduce election-and campaign-related disorder." Timmons v. Twin Cities Area New Party, 520 U.S. 351, 358, 117 S.Ct. 1364, 137 L.Ed.2d 589 (1997). The "character and magnitude of the burden" of an election law regulation on constitutional rights determines the level of scrutiny with which a court reviews the law:

Timmons, 520 U.S. at 358-59, 117 S.Ct. 1364.

The Supreme Court has held that laws having the same effect as the Michigan sore-loser law, i.e. precluding a particular candidate from placing his or her name on the ballot under certain circumstances, do not place severe burdens on voters' or candidates' associational rights and therefore need only be reasonable and nondiscriminatory restrictions that serve a State's important regulatory interests. For example, in Timmons, the Court examined the burdens imposed by Minnesota's law prohibiting "fusion" candidacies, in which the same candidate places his or her name on the ballot as a nominee for more than one political party. Holding that the Court of Appeals had improperly applied a strict scrutiny analysis to the antifusion law, the Court explained:

Timmons, 520 U.S. at 363-64, 117 S.Ct. 1364 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted).

Distinguishing Tashjian v. Republican Party of Conn., 479 U.S. 208, 107 S.Ct. 544, 93 L.Ed.2d 514 (1986), where the Supreme Court engaged in a compelling interest analysis to strike down a closed primary statute that sought "regulation of political parties' internal affairs and core associational activities," the Court in Timmons concluded that the Minnesota fusion ban "which applies to major and minor parties alike, simply preclude[d] one party's candidate from appearing on the ballot, as that party's candidate, if already nominated by another party," and did not impose a severe enough associational burden to warrant strict scrutiny. 520 U.S. at 360, 117 S.Ct. 1364. More recently, in Clingman v. Beaver, 544 U.S. 581, 125 S.Ct. 2029, 161 L.Ed.2d 920 (2005), the Supreme Court examined the constitutional burdens imposed by Oklahoma's semiclosed primary law, which required voters to switch registration from their existing political party before participating in another party's primary. 544 U.S. at 595, 125 S.Ct. 2029. The Supreme Court held that the Oklahoma restriction, which served in part to prevent "sore loser" candidacies, did not severely burden voter associational rights. Id. at 593, 125 S.Ct. 2029. The Supreme Court recognized, in Clingman, that preventing sore-loser candidacies serves an important state interest in preventing "party splintering and excessive factionalism," as well as "the organized switching of blocs of voters from one party to another." Id. at 593-94, 125 S.Ct. 2029.

The Michigan sore loser statute "neither regulate[s] the [Libertarian] Party's internal decisionmaking process, nor compel[s] it to associate with voters of any political persuasion...." Clingman, 544 U.S. at 590, 125 S.Ct. 2029. Nor does the statute impose severe burdens on Gary Johnson, who is only barred from the general election as a candidate for a party other than the Republican party. He is free to run as an independent and he was free to make a timely choice to withdraw from the Michigan primary as a candidate of the Republican party so that he could run in the general election as a candidate of the Libertarian party. Nor is it claimed that the statute operates in a discriminatory fashion. The Michigan sore loser statute imposes restrictions that are "not trivial" but "not severe." Id. at 589, 125 S.Ct. 2029. This court concludes, as the Sixth Circuit did in Morrison v. Colley, 467 F.3d 503, 508 (6th Cir.2006), that the state statute here does not impose a severe burden on the First and Fourteenth Amendment rights of the Plaintiffs or the voters. Thus, the Court reviews the alleged imposition on Plaintiffs' associational rights to determine whether Michigan's interests in applying the law are "sufficiently weighty to justify the limitation imposed." Timmons, 520 U.S. at 364, 117 S.Ct. 1364.4

B. Michigan's Sore Loser Statute Applies to Presidential Candidates

Plaintiffs do not attack the constitutionality of Michigan's sore loser statute generally but only as applied to presidential candidates, and in particular to Gary Johnson. Plaintiffs assert that the sore loser statute simply has no application to presidential candidates, like Gary Johnson, because "the real candidates in a presidential election are the candidates for presidential elector," and not the candidate himself. (ECF No. 22, Pls.' Reply, at 2.) Plaintiffs assert that this proposition is entirely self-evident, solely based upon the involvement of the electoral college process in a presidential election. The Court disagrees.

First, Michigan law neither makes nor supports such a distinction. It is true that Michigan law provides that a vote for a party's presidential candidate is not a "direct vote" for those individuals but rather constitutes "a vote for the entire list or set of electors chosen by that political party." MCL § 168.45. But nothing in this statute, or elsewhere in Michigan's election laws, suggests that the electors are the candidates. Notwithstanding the involvement of the electoral college in the process, the individual whose name appears on the ballot, whether it be Gary Johnson, Barack Obama or Mitt Romney, is the only "candidate." See MCL § 168.47 (referring to the electors's obligation to cast votes for the "candidates for president and vice president appearing on the Michigan ballot of the political party which nominated the elector"); MCL § 168.558(1) (exempting a "candidate nominated for the office of president of the United States or vice president of the Untied States" from filing an affidavit of identity).5 There is no suggestion that anyone's name but that of the candidate appears on the ballot and Plaintiffs distort this reality with their suggestion that the "real candidates" are the electors.

The Supreme Court recognized as much in Storer, supra, when it rejected, in a footnote, a challenge to the standing of the presidential and vice presidential candidates in that case, Hall and Tyner, to bring an action challenging the California election laws:

Storer, 415 U.S. at 738 n. 9, 94 S.Ct. 1274. Similarly, in Anderson, supra, the Supreme Court noted that Anderson's name had been entered in the Ohio Republican primary as a candidate for president before Anderson made the decision to run as an independent. 460 U.S. at 784 n. 2, 103 S.Ct. 1564. The Court observed that the parties had agreed that Anderson, who in fact had "competed unsuccessfully in nine Republican primaries," had withdrawn his name from the Ohio primary in a timely fashion so that Ohio's sore loser statute, "which disqualifies a candidate who ran unsuccessfully in a party primary from running as an independent in the general election," did not apply to him. Id.

Also, in Storer, while the Supreme Court was not called upon to decide the constitutionality of California's one-year disaffiliation statute as applied to Hall and Tyner, the presidential and vice presidential candidates, the Court noted without comment that each candidate in fact had satisfied the disaffiliation condition. 415 U.S. at 738, 94 S.Ct. 1274. See also Anderson, 460 U.S. at 804 n. 32, 103 S.Ct. 1564 (noting without comment that "Hall and Tyner, the Presidential and Vice-Presidential candidates, apparently complied with the one-year disaffiliation provision.") By all measures, the California one-year disaffiliation statute more broadly disqualifies potential candidates than does the Michigan sore loser statute. Yet there is no hint in the Supreme Court's observations in Anderson and Storer that a sore loser statute would be, as Plaintiffs argue, logically inapplicable to presidential candidates. Surely if such a fact were as self-evident as Plaintiffs suggest, it would have at least merited comment by the Supreme Court in these contexts. It did not.

Plaintiffs reliance on Anderson v. Mills, 664 F.2d 600 (6th Cir.1981), to support its assertion that sore loser statutes cannot be applied to presidential candidates is misplaced. The Kentucky sore loser statute being challenged in Mills, provided that: "No candidate who has been defeated for the nomination for any office in a primary election shall have his name placed on voting machines in the succeeding general election as a candidate for the same office of the nomination to which he was a candidate in the primary election." 664 F.2d at 605. The Sixth Circuit observed that: "Since a candidate cannot lose his party's nomination for president by losing a state's primary election, it would appear that the "sore loser" statute is inapplicable, and does not address itself to presidential candidates." Id.

Significantly, the Michigan statute is drafted differently than the Kentucky statute in that it does not expressly require that the candidate suffer defeat in the primary race. The Michigan sore loser statute bars a candidate whose name appears on the primary ballot for one political party from running in the general election as the nominee of a different political party. It does not bar the candidate from running as an independent candidate in the subsequent general election. The Michigan sore loser statute does not seek to regulate associational conduct simply based on winning or losing the battle but rather based upon switching sides halfway through the fight. It does not depend for its application solely upon the candidates prior defeat, but rather depends upon his or her decision to ditch one political party for another.

In Mills, the Sixth Circuit declined to apply the Kentucky sore loser statute to a presidential candidate because doing so would logically have led to the conclusion that "not only an independent candidate, but a nominee of one of the two major parties might not be permitted to appear on the general election ballot." 664 F.2d at 605. The Sixth Circuit observed that: "The constitutionality of such an interpretation is subject to grave doubts." Id.6 This constitutional infirmity simply is not presented by application of the Michigan statute to presidential candidates.

Plaintiffs also contend that the story behind the candidacy of John Anderson in the 1980 presidential campaign supports their assertion that the Michigan sore loser statute does not apply to a presidential candidate. At the time of Anderson's candidacy, however, Michigan had not yet enacted a provision that permitted an independent candidate to obtain access to the general election ballot. See ECF No. 6-8, p. 3, Pls.' Mot. Summ. Judg. Ex. G, May 3, 2012 Letter to William W. Hall. Because Mr. Anderson's name appeared on the Michigan primary ballot as a candidate for the Republican party, he was technically precluded by application of Michigan's sore loser law from running at all in the general election. To avoid this unconstitutional predicament, the Supreme Court of Michigan ordered that Mr. Anderson's name be removed from the primary ballot so that he could appear on the general election ballot as the candidate of a different party. Michigan Republican State Central Committee v. Secretary of State, 408 Mich. 931 (1980). Plaintiff Gary Johnson does not face this same dilemma as Michigan law now permits him to run as an independent candidate, notwithstanding that he appeared on the primary presidential ballot as a candidate for the Republican party. MCL § 168.590 to 168.590h.

C. The Michigan Sore Loser Statute is not Unconstitutional Either Facially or as Applied to Gary Johnson

The Supreme Court's decision in Storer, supra, goes a long way toward confirming the constitutionality of the Michigan sore loser statute as applied in this case to Gary Johnson. Storer upheld a California statute prohibiting independent candidates from appearing on a ballot on behalf of one party if they were registered with a different political party within one year of the election. The Supreme Court found such a requirement "expressive of a general state policy aimed at maintaining the integrity of the various routes to the ballot." 415 U.S. at 733, 94 S.Ct. 1274. While admittedly Storer, who was challenging the disaffiliation statute, was not a presidential candidate, Hall and Tyner were. Although the Supreme Court was not called upon to decide the applicability of the California disaffiliation statute to Hall and Tyner, who were challenging a separate California signature requirement, the Court noted, as discussed supra, that both Hall and Tyner had complied with the disaffiliation statute and thus, it was presumed to be a non-issue. 415 U.S. at 738, 94 S.Ct. 1274. As discussed supra, the Supreme Court in both Storer and Anderson had opportunities to decry the notion of applying a disaffiliation statute to a presidential candidate, yet on neither occasion did it do so. Indeed, as discussed supra, its oblique discussion of the issue suggests that the distinction would not have been one of constitutional significance. Thus, the Court finds that the Supreme Court's opinion in Storer offers significant support for a finding that the less-restrictive Michigan sore loser statute passes constitutional muster.7

In South Carolina Green Party v. South Carolina State Election Commission, 612 F.3d 752 (4th Cir.2010), the Fourth Circuit upheld the constitutionality of the South Carolina sore loser statute in a non-presidential race, first finding the burden on the Green Party's associational rights to be non-severe and refusing to engage in strict scrutiny review:

612 F.3d at 759. In Green Party, Eugene Platt sought to be a fusion candidate and to run for three different political parties in the primary election, including the Democratic party. Id. at 754. Platt lost the Democratic primary and was precluded, under South Carolina's sore loser statute, from appearing on the ballot for the general election as the candidate for the Green Party. Id. In upholding the constitutionality of the sore loser provision as applied to Platt, the court recognized the legitimate state interests at issue:

612 F.3d at 756. Relying principally on the justifications observed as valid by the Supreme Court in Timmons, supra, 520 U.S. at 364, 117 S.Ct. 1364, the Fourth Circuit concluded:

612 F.3d at 759 (internal citations omitted).

In National Committee of U.S. Taxpayers v. Garza, 924 F.Supp. 71 (W.D.Texas 1996), the district court faced precisely the issue confronted by this Court today, examining the constitutionality of the Texas sore loser statute as applied to a presidential candidate. Garza involved Pat Buchanan's run for president as a candidate for the U.S. Taxpayers Party. Like Gary Johnson, Buchanan had run for president in the Republican primary and lost. Id. at 72-73. The Texas sore loser statute made "a person who was a candidate for nomination in a primary ineligible for a place on the ballot for the succeeding general election as the nominee of a political party other than the party holding the primary in which the person was a candidate." Id. at 72. Plaintiffs were therefore informed that Buchanan, who ran as a Republican in the primary, was not eligible for nomination as the candidate for the U.S. Taxpayers Party in the general election. Id. at 73. Plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of the Texas sore loser provision as applied to their efforts to place Buchanan on the November ballot as a candidate for the U.S. Taxpayers party.

Comparing the severity of the restrictions imposed by the Texas sore loser statute to the limitations imposed by the disaffiliation statute found constitutionally valid by the Supreme Court in Storer, the court in Garza found the Texas sore loser statute to be justified by the state's legitimate interest in guarding against "divisive and internecine intraparty fights after a political party has decided its nominee." 924 F.Supp. at 74. Recognizing that a State's interest in protecting political stability may not be "as strong" in the context of a national election, the court nonetheless found the interests sufficient to justify the restriction:

924 F.Supp. at 74-75.

The court in Garza further observed that:

924 F.Supp. at 74.

This Court similarly concludes that the Michigan sore loser statute, which is directed expressly at preventing last minute political party maneuvering, is a reasonable, nondiscriminatory restriction justified by Michigan's important regulatory interests of preventing extended intra party feuding, factionalism and voter confusion.8 When viewed, as it must be, in light of the totality of Michigan's election laws, see Williams v. Rhodes, 393 U.S. 23, 34, 89 S.Ct. 5, 21 L.Ed.2d 24 (1968), its constitutionality is clear. Plaintiff Gary Johnson is not prevented from running for the party of his choice, as long as he has not previously in the same election cycle run as a candidate for a different party. Importantly, Gary Johnson is free to place his name on the ballot in the November 6, 2012 general election as an independent candidate, thus he is not facing complete exclusion from the political race. Nor is Defendant LPM prevented from nominating the candidate of its choice, but only prevented from nominating one of the handful of candidates who chose to run for a different political party in the primary race. Gary Johnson's interest in being able to present himself as the candidate of two different political parties in the same election cycle does not outweigh the State's legitimate and important interests in protecting the integrity of the election process. The Supreme Court noted in Storer the important interests served by the more restrictive disaffiliation statute at issue there:

415 U.S. at 735, 94 S.Ct. 1274. Plaintiffs have not convinced the Court that the State's interests in protecting against excessive factionalism and party splintering, and ensuring that intra party disputes are largely resolved at the primary stage, reserving the general election stage for the discussion of grander political ideas, are, as a matter of constitutional principle, less important in the context of a presidential election than in other political contests. Indeed, given that the major political parties have a choice whether or not to participate in the Michigan presidential primary process, the State has an even greater interest in ensuring that the process is even-handed and that the rules are fairly applied, thereby attracting the national political parties, who have a choice, to participate in the process. These candidates can be confident that Michigan's sore loser statute will "temper[] the destabilizing effects" of party splintering that is known to accompany the last minute party-switching tactics of a sore loser. Clingman, 544 U.S. at 596, 125 S.Ct. 2029.

IV. CONCLUSION

The Supreme Court has held that "not every electoral law that burdens associational rights is subject to strict scrutiny," Clingman, 544 U.S. at 591, 125 S.Ct. 2029, and that "strict scrutiny is appropriate only if the burden is severe." Id. at 592, 125 S.Ct. 2029. Clingman quoted, with approval, from Timmons, 520 U.S. at 358, 117 S.Ct. 1364, "that states may, and inevitably must, enact reasonable regulations of parties, elections and ballots to reduce election — and campaign — related disorder." Long before Clingman, in Storer, supra, the Supreme Court recognized that "as a practical matter, there must be a substantial regulation of elections if they are to be fair and honest and if some sort of order, rather than chaos, is to accompany the democratic processes." 415 U.S. at 730, 94 S.Ct. 1274.

Like the Minnesota laws approved by the Supreme Court in Timmons, Michigan's law does not directly limit the Libertarian Party's access to the ballot. Instead the Michigan law reduces "the universe of potential candidates who may appear on the ballot as the party's nominee only by ruling out those few individuals who ... have already agreed to be another party's candidate...." Timmons, 520 U.S. at 363, 117 S.Ct. 1364. Not a "trivial," but not a "severe," burden on associational rights, "justified by "correspondingly weighty," valid state interests in ballot integrity and political stability." Id. at 363, 369, 117 S.Ct. 1364.

The Supreme Court noted in Anderson v. Celebrezze, supra:

460 U.S. at 792 n. 12, 103 S.Ct. 1564. So too here!

Michigan's sore loser statute provides that: "No person whose name was printed or placed on the primary ballots or voting machines as a candidate for nomination on the primary ballots of 1 political party shall be eligible as a candidate of any other political party at the election following that primary." Plaintiff Gary Johnson's name was placed on the primary ballot this year as a candidate for nomination as the Republican candidate for president. Mr. Johnson now seeks to appear in the November 6, 2012 as a presidential candidate for another political party, the Libertarian Party. He is precluded from doing so by Michigan's sore loser statute, a reasonable nondiscriminatory restriction that serves Michigan's "sufficiently weighty" regulatory interests.

Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendant Ruth Johnson's Motion to Dismiss, GRANTS Intervenor-Defendant the Republican Party of Michigan's Motion to Dismiss, DENIES Plaintiffs' Motion for Summary Judgment and DISMISSES the Complaint with prejudice.

IT IS SO ORDERED.